Works Cited
Primary Sources
Magazines
Azzi,
Robert. “Saudi Arabia: The Kingdom and Its Power.” National Geographic:
286-235. The Bedouins still travel with beloved herds of sheep, camels, and
goats, although their nomadic days are limited. Camel caravans travel all
acrooss the scorching desert. This article in the National Geographic magazine
was a primary source because the person who wrote was actually there, and it was
written from his perspective.
Secondary Sources
Books
John,
Cloudsey-Thompson. Camels . N.p.: Wayland Publishers Limited, 1980.
38‑49. For thousands of years camels have carried people on their backs,
transported goods, and even taken part in wars. The camel’s meat, milk and
hair have been invaluable to desert dwellers. This was helpful because it listed
the basic facts about how camels people in the ancient and simple facts about
the camel.
Lavine,
Sigmund A. Wonders of Camels. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1979.
This very detailed book discusses the physical characteristics, evolution,
species, and lore of camels. It also describes their relationship to man
throughout history.
Abu
Jaber, Kamel S. “Bedouins.” World Book. 2002 ed. Vol. 2. Chicago,
2002. The Bedouins were herders in the deserts of the Middle east. They traveled
the deserts seeking fresh pastureland for their camels, goats, and seep. They
traded meat and dairy products for knives, pots, and other manufactured goods.
This helped me get basic knowledge about the nomadic Bedouins and their
lifestyle.
Allaby,
Michael. “Camels.” Biomes of the World. Vol. 2. Danbury: Grolier
Educational, 1999. Camels transported heavy loads across the sands. They also
earned the name “ships of the desert”, and were also called beasts of
burden. This article provided useful information about camels and their use for
transportation, trade, and communication; and also included important dates of
camel use.
Berger,
Morroe. “Bedouins.” Encyclopedia Americana. 2000 ed. Vol. 3. Danbury:
Grolier, 2000. The have wandered over the deserts and steppes of North Africa
and Middle East for centuries. They used camels and other beasts of burden for
traveling. The reference source provided information about the Bedouins and
their way of life.
“Camel.”
National Geographic Book of Mammals. Vol. 1. Washington D.C.: National
Geographic Society, 1981. This alphabetized encyclopedia about mammals includes
useful information about communication and trade using camels in the desert. It
also provided a map of the range of camel caravans.
“Camel.”
World Book. 2003 ed. 2003. This source from the encyclopedia included all
facts about the camel. It had information about the history, adaptations, and
use of the camel from ancient to modern times.
Caravan.
History Channel. The Expanded
Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. 2003. 10 Nov. 2004 <http://www.historychannel.com/perl/print_book.pl?ID=78413>.
This article from the History Channel included facts of trade through caravans
throughout the Middle East. It’s information was mainly about trade throughout
the ancient in the area of the Middle East and how they traveled using caravans.
Cloudsley‑Thompson,
J.L. “Camel: Economic Impact and Environmental Status.” Encyclopedia
Americana. 2001 ed. Vol. 5. Danbury: Grolier, 2001. This section from an
article called Camels talked about how the camels were important and how they
helped throughout history. The section also talked about the history of the
Dromedary and Bactrian camel themselves.
Cowan,
L. Gray. “Berbers.” Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. 3. Dansbury:
Grolier, 2000. This article provided information about the Berbers and their way
of life. It included useful info about the Berbers in ancient and modern times.
Davis,
Richard L. “Silk Road.” World Book. 2003 ed. Vol. 17. 2003. Although
short and brief, this article in the encyclopedia had very significant and very
much needed facts on the time frame of when camel caravans started, and lessened
and stopped along the silk road. It stated short facts that I needed for my
project.
Fair,
Marvin L. “Transportation.” Encyclopedia Americana. 2001 ed. Vol. 27.
Dansbury: Grolier, 2001. This article provided information of transportation. It
included info on land transportation, water transportation, and air
transportation. It also included factors in the development of transportationand
the influence of transportation on history.
Le
Gall, Dina, and Michel Le Gall. “Middle East.” World Book. 2003 ed.
2003. This source from a well known encyclopedia states facts and information
about the modern Middle East, and the Middle East in ancient times. It included
the geography, people, way of life, religion and language, economy, and history
of the very famous Middle East countries.
Perkins,
Kenneth J. “Berbers.” World Book. 2002 ed. Vol. 2. Chicago, 2002.
This article had useful information about the Berbers. It provided many time
periods of the Berber developments and their group.
Vermeer,
Donald E. “Sahara.” World Book. 2003 ed. 2003. This article about the
Sahara Desert in Africa, had very informative pictures and captions. It included
information about the Sahara’s land and climate, plant and animal life, and
history.
World
Nature Encyclopedia: The Sahara Desert.
Austin: Raintree Steck‑Vaughn, 1992. This encyclopedia describes the
physical features, climate, and plant and animal life of this North African
desert. This also provides information of camels and their importance to people
that have managed to survive in the desert.
Websites
Ancient
Empires of West Africa.
6 Dec. 2004 <http://www.roebuckclasses.com/102/resources/africa/westafricaptrade.htm>.
An adaption from Kingdoms of the Western Sudan, by J. Rotondo-McCord, Xavier
University of Louisiana. This included very extended information about the trade
in ancient Africa, trade routes, and the social. It also included maps of Africa
that included the trade routes of Africa.
Camels.
History for Kids. 28 Oct. 2004
<http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/economy/camels.htm>. This informative
website that especially provides history info for kids tells and discusses the
history of the camel. It states the development of the relationship between the
camel and men throughout times in history.
Sahara.
History Channel. 10 Nov. 2004
<http://www.historychannel.com/perl/print_book.pl?ID=111181>. This website
similar to the television channel, History Channel, stated facts about the
Sahara Desert. It stated history
about the Sahara through ancient times and how it transformed from a lush green
place to a dry desert with extreme temperatures
Schwager,
Don. Camel Caravan in the Negev Desert. 2001.
6 Dec. 2004 <http://www.rc.net/wcc/israel/camel.htm>. The Negev
Desert that is a hot and dry desert in Israel. This website was helpful because
it included lots of interesting and useful pictures and photos of the lifestyle
of the nomads in the Negev Desert.